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Rotavirus vaccines lead to significant reductions in severe and fatal diarrhea in both vaccinated and unvaccinated children
Rotavirus vaccines are saving lives and improving health in countries where children have access to them. Swift and significant declines in hospitalization and deaths due to rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea have been observed in many of the countries that have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs. Researchers also have found that use of rotavirus vaccines may protect unvaccinated children and adults by reducing transmission of rotavirus from the vaccinated population to unvaccinated members of the community (an effect called herd immunity). These remarkable results underscore the incredible potential for rotavirus vaccines to improve child health and save children’s lives.
Table 1. Impact of rotavirus vaccines on hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children <5 years old
Note: Table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570.
1Tate JE, Panozzo CA, Payne DC, et al. Decline and change in seasonality of US rotavirus activity after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine. Pediatrics. 2009;124:465–471.
2Yen C, Tate JE, Wenk JD, Harris JM 2nd, Parashar UD. Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among US children over 2 rotavirus seasons after vaccine introduction. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e9–e15.
3Tate JE, Mutuc JD, Panozzo CA, et al. Sustained decline in rotavirus detections in the United States following the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in 2006. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S30–S34.
4Buttery JP, Lambert SB, Grimwood K, et al. Reduction in rotavirus-associated acute gastroenteritis following introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Australia’s National Childhood vaccine schedule. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S25–S29.
5Braeckman T, Van Herck K, Raes M, Vergison A, Sabbe M, Van Damme P. Rotavirus vaccines in Belgium: policy and impact. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S21–S24.
6Raes M, Strens D, Vergison A, Verghote M, Standaert B. Reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in Belgium. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30: e120–e25.
7Paulke-Korinek M, Rendi-Wagner P, Kundi M, Kronik R,Kollaritsch H. Universal mass vaccination against rotavirus gastroenteritis: impact on hospitalization rates in Austrian children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:319–323.
8Paulke-Korinek M, Kundi M, Rendi-Wagner P, et al. Herd immunity after two years of the universal mass vaccination program against rotavirus gastroenteritis in Austria. Vaccine. 2011;29:2791–2796.
Table 2. Impact of rotavirus vaccines on hospitalizations for all-cause acute gastroenteritis among children <5 years old
Note: Table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570.
1Curns AT, Steiner CA, Barrett M, Hunter K, Wilson E, Parashar UD. Reduction in acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations among US children after introduction of rotavirus vaccine: analysis of hospital discharge data from 18 US states. Journal of Infectious Disease. 2010; 201:1617–1624.
2Cortese MM, Tate JE, Simonsen L, Edelman L, Parashar UD. Reduction in gastroenteritis in United States children and correlation with early rotavirus vaccine uptake from national medical claims databases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:489–494.
3Yen C, Tate JE, Wenk JD, Harris JM 2nd, Parashar UD. Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among US children over 2 rotavirus seasons after vaccine introduction. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e9–e15.
4Raes M, Strens D, Vergison A, Verghote M, Standaert B. Reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in Belgium. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30: e120–e25.
5Lanzieri TM, Costa I, Shafi FA, et al. Trends in hospitalizations from all-cause gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years of age in Brazil before and after human rotavirus vaccine introduction, 1998–2007. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:673–675.
6do Carmo GM, Yen C, Cortes J, Siqueira AA, de Oliveira WK, Cortez-Escalante JJ, et al. Decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in Brazil: a time-series analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2011;8(4):e1001024.
7Quintanar-Solares M, Yen C, Richardson V, Esparza-Aguilar M, Parashar UD, Patel MM. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on diarrhea-related hospitalizations among children <5 years of age in Mexico. Pediatric Infectious Disease Jounal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S11–S15.
8Yen C, Armero Guardado JA, Alberto P, et al. Decline in rotavirus hospitalizations and health care visits for childhood diarrhea following rotavirus vaccination in El Salvador. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30 (suppl 1):S6–S10.
2Cortese MM, Tate JE, Simonsen L, Edelman L, Parashar UD. Reduction in gastroenteritis in United States children and correlation with early rotavirus vaccine uptake from national medical claims databases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:489–494.
3Yen C, Tate JE, Wenk JD, Harris JM 2nd, Parashar UD. Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among US children over 2 rotavirus seasons after vaccine introduction. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e9–e15.
4Raes M, Strens D, Vergison A, Verghote M, Standaert B. Reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in Belgium. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30: e120–e25.
5Lanzieri TM, Costa I, Shafi FA, et al. Trends in hospitalizations from all-cause gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years of age in Brazil before and after human rotavirus vaccine introduction, 1998–2007. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:673–675.
6do Carmo GM, Yen C, Cortes J, Siqueira AA, de Oliveira WK, Cortez-Escalante JJ, et al. Decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in Brazil: a time-series analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2011;8(4):e1001024.
7Quintanar-Solares M, Yen C, Richardson V, Esparza-Aguilar M, Parashar UD, Patel MM. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on diarrhea-related hospitalizations among children <5 years of age in Mexico. Pediatric Infectious Disease Jounal. 2011;30(suppl 1):S11–S15.
8Yen C, Armero Guardado JA, Alberto P, et al. Decline in rotavirus hospitalizations and health care visits for childhood diarrhea following rotavirus vaccination in El Salvador. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30 (suppl 1):S6–S10.
Table 3. Impact of rotavirus vaccines on deaths for all-cause acute gastroenteritis among children <5 years old
1Lanzieri TM, Linhares AC, Costa I, et al. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on childhood deaths from diarrhea in Brazil. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;15(3):e206-e210.
2do Carmo GM, Yen C, Cortes J, Siqueira AA, de Oliveira WK, Cortez-Escalante JJ, et al. Decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in Brazil: a time-series analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2011;8(4):e1001024.
3Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, Esparza-Aguilar M, Johnson B, Gomez-Altamirano CM, et al. Effect of rotavirus vaccination on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(4):299-305.
4Richardson V, Parashar U, Patel M. Childhood diarrhea deaths after rotavirus vaccination in Mexico. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(8):772-773.
2do Carmo GM, Yen C, Cortes J, Siqueira AA, de Oliveira WK, Cortez-Escalante JJ, et al. Decline in diarrhea mortality and admissions after routine childhood rotavirus immunization in Brazil: a time-series analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2011;8(4):e1001024.
3Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, Esparza-Aguilar M, Johnson B, Gomez-Altamirano CM, et al. Effect of rotavirus vaccination on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362(4):299-305.
4Richardson V, Parashar U, Patel M. Childhood diarrhea deaths after rotavirus vaccination in Mexico. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;365(8):772-773.
Table 4. Indirect benefits of rotavirus vaccination (herd immunity)
Note: Table derived from Table 2 from: Patel MM, Glass R, Desai R, Tate JE, Parashar UD. Fulfilling the Promise of Rotavirus Vaccines: How Far Have We Come Since Licensure? The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012;12(7):561-570.
1Cortese MM, Tate JE, Simonsen L, Edelman L, Parashar UD. Reduction in gastroenteritis in United States children and correlation with early rotavirus vaccine uptake from national medical claims databases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:489–494.
2Yen C, Tate JE, Wenk JD, Harris JM 2nd, Parashar UD. Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among US children over 2 rotavirus seasons after vaccine introduction. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e9–e15.
3Field EJ, Vally H, Grimwood K, Lambert SB. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and prevention of gastroenteritis hospitalizations in Australia. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e506–512.
4Raes M, Strens D, Vergison A, Verghote M, Standaert B. Reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in Belgium. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30: e120–e25.
5Paulke-Korinek M, Kundi M, Rendi-Wagner P, et al. Herd immunity after two years of the universal mass vaccination program against rotavirus gastroenteritis in Austria. Vaccine. 2011;29:2791–2796.
6Safadi MA, Berezin EN, Munford V, et al. Hospital-based surveillance to evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccination in São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:1019–1022.
7Yen C, Armero Guardado JA, Alberto P, et al. Decline in rotavirus hospitalizations and health care visits for childhood diarrhea following rotavirus vaccination in El Salvador. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30 (suppl 1):S6–S10.
3Field EJ, Vally H, Grimwood K, Lambert SB. Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and prevention of gastroenteritis hospitalizations in Australia. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e506–512.
4Raes M, Strens D, Vergison A, Verghote M, Standaert B. Reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in Belgium. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30: e120–e25.
5Paulke-Korinek M, Kundi M, Rendi-Wagner P, et al. Herd immunity after two years of the universal mass vaccination program against rotavirus gastroenteritis in Austria. Vaccine. 2011;29:2791–2796.
6Safadi MA, Berezin EN, Munford V, et al. Hospital-based surveillance to evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccination in São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2010;29:1019–1022.
7Yen C, Armero Guardado JA, Alberto P, et al. Decline in rotavirus hospitalizations and health care visits for childhood diarrhea following rotavirus vaccination in El Salvador. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30 (suppl 1):S6–S10.